Q.1 A converging lens is also known as:
- Convex lens
- Plano-convex lens
- Plano-concave lens
- Concave lens
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Answer: 1. Convex lens
Explanation:
A converging lens is termed a convex lens because its surfaces bulge outward, causing parallel light rays to converge at a focal point. This property is essential for correcting hyperopia (farsightedness) and in devices like magnifying glasses.
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Q.2 What is a common patient reaction to sudden vision loss?
- Panic
- Confusion
- Excitement
- Indifference
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Answer: 1. Panic
Explanation:
Sudden vision loss often triggers panic due to the immediate threat to independence and safety. Patients may fear permanent blindness, leading to heightened anxiety and stress, necessitating urgent medical and psychological support.
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Q.3 Which autacoid is involved in allergic reactions?
- Bradyknin
- Histamine
- Serotonin
- Prostaglandin
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Answer: 2. Histamine.
Explanation:
Histamine is released by mast cells during allergic reactions, causing symptoms like itching, redness, and swelling. It binds to H1 receptors, leading to vasodilation and increased permeability of blood vessels.
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Q.4 Which of the following statements best describes the mechanism of glomerular filtration in the kidneys?
- It is a passive process driven by hydrostatic pressure in the glomerular capillaries.
- It primarily involves the secretion of electrolytes by the proximal tubule.
- It occurs due to active transport of solutes across the glomerular membrane.
- It is regulated only by the autonomic nervous system without any hormonal influence.
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Answer: 1. It is a passive process driven by hydrostatic pressure in the glomerular capillaries.
Explanation:
Glomerular filtration occurs when blood pressure forces plasma through the glomerular capillaries into Bowman’s capsule. This passive process filters water, ions, and small molecules while retaining cells and large proteins.
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Q.5 What is the primary purpose of spectacles?
- To enhance color vision
- To treat eye infections
- To protect the eyes from UV light
- To correct refractive errors
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Answer: 4. To correct refractive errors.
Explanation:
Spectacles compensate for refractive errors like myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism by adjusting the focal point of light onto the retina. They do not treat infections or alter color perception.
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Q.6 Which gland regulates metabolism throughout the body?
- Pituitary
- Adrenal
- Thyroid
- Pancreas
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Answer: 3. Thyroid.
Explanation:
The thyroid gland produces hormones (T3 and T4) that regulate metabolism, growth, and energy expenditure. Dysfunction can lead to conditions like hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism.
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Q.7 A 4-month-old infant is presented with congenital ptosis, which is characterised by a drooping of the upper eyelid. Upon further examination, it is noted that there is a lack of the superior levator muscle function. Which of the following is the most likely underlying cause of this condition?
- Marcus Gunn jaw-winking syndrome
- Congenital Horner’s syndrome
- Congenital aponeurotic ptosis
- Blepharophimosis syndrome
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Answer: 3. Congenital aponeurotic ptosis.
Explanation:
Congenital aponeurotic ptosis results from improper development of the levator palpebrae superioris muscle or its tendon. Surgical correction is often required to improve eyelid function and prevent amblyopia.
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Q.8 Which among the following is the test used to assess dry eyes before fitting contact lens?
- Schirmer test
- Bruckner test
- Retinoscopy
- Cover test
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Answer: 1. Schirmer test.
Explanation:
The Schirmer test measures tear production by placing a filter paper strip under the lower eyelid. Inadequate wetting (<10 mm in 5 minutes) indicates dry eye syndrome, a contraindication for contact lens use.
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Q.9 What is the primary purpose of the Cover Test in clinical optometry?
- To measure intraocular pressure
- To check the visual acuity of each eye separately
- To assess the refractive error of both eyes
- To evaluate ocular motility and detect binocular vision problems
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Answer: 4. To evaluate ocular motility and binocular vision.
Explanation:
The Cover Test detects strabismus (misaligned eyes) by observing eye movements when one eye is covered. It helps diagnose conditions like esotropia or exotropia and assesses binocular vision.
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Q.10 A patient is administered brimonidine tartrate for glaucoma. Which of the following correctly describes its mechanism of action and secondary benefit?
- Alpha-2 agonist; decreases aqueous humor production and increases uveoscleral outflow
- Beta-2 antagonist; increases aqueous drainage and causes cycloplegia
- Alpha-1 agonist; increases trabecular outflow and causes mydriasis
- Muscarinic antagonist; inhibits pupil constriction and raises intraocular pressure
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Answer: 1. Alpha-2 agonist; reduces aqueous production.
Explanation:
Brimonidine lowers intraocular pressure by decreasing aqueous humor production via alpha-2 adrenergic receptor stimulation. It also increases uveoscleral outflow, offering neuroprotective benefits.
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